Whitening Research
1. C Morris-Clapp1, S Yeganech1,
E Lynch1 and M Grootveld2.
(Department of Conservative Dentistry1, and Inflammation Research Group2, LHMC UK).
AN IN VITRO STUDY TO TEST THE EFFICACY OF FIVE WHITENING AGENTS.
Journal of Dental Research 73: 866, 354, 1995.
Home bleaching systems are in use in both the UK
and North America, the majority of which are based on carbamide peroxide. Many
‘over-the-counter’ brands are now available to whiten teeth. We tested
the efficacy of the lightening capacity of five brands of these agents by rating
and ranking their whitening effects on sectioned, freshly extracted teeth. Ten
teeth were sectioned and tested in each group and the results assessed blind by
three operators.
The agents tested were:- (1) 2% sodium chlorite1;
(2) 0.3% carbamide peroxide, 0.5% sodium peroxodisulphate, 0.5% bromelain and
0.125% papain (Janina Liquid Toothpaste Spray1); (3) 0.3% carbamide peroxide,
0.5% sodium peroxodisulphate, 0.5% bromelain and 0.125% papain (Janina Opale Whitening
Toothpaste1); (4) 0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthwash (retarDEX2); (5) 2% sodium chlorate,
0.125% papain (Dental White3).
The results in descending order of whitening efficacy
on intrinsic staining were: Janina Liquid Toothpaste1; Janina Opale Whitening
Toothpaste1; 2% sodium chlorite1; retarDEX2; Dental White3. The control (H2O,
pH 7.0) had no effect. The results in descending order of whitening efficacy on
extrinsic staining were: Janina Liquid Toothpaste Spray1; Janina Opale
Whitening Toothpaste1; 2% sodium chlorite1. The other agents failed to remove
extrinsic staining.
This study showed that Janina Liquid Toothpaste
Spray and Opale Whitening Toothpaste were the most effective tooth whitening agents.
1Janina International UK. 2Rowpar Pharmaceuticals,
USA. 3Medex, UK.
2. K Seymour, C Morris-Clapp, N Patsias, P Patsias
and E Lynch.
(The London Hospital Medical College, London, E1 2AD, UK).
SHADE MODIFICATION USING A TOOTH WHITENING DENTRIFICE OVER SIX MONTHS.
Journal of Dental Research 74, British Society for Dental Research Annual Meeting
415, 1996.
Much media attention has recently been concentrated
on a number of new multi-component dentrifices which claim to have tooth whitening
action. In this clinical trial one such dentrifice1 was tested for its ability
to modify tooth shade as part of a wider double-blind clinical trial. Sixty seven
patients from a general dental practice were recruited and asked to brush twice
daily for three minutes with either active1 or placebo dentrifice for a period
of six months. The placebo dentrifice was formulation as the active product except
that flouride was the only 'active' ingredient present. A standard Vita2 shade
of each subject's upper anterior teeth was taken at baseline and six months by
two operators to achieve agreement. Vita shades were assigned a numerical score
of 1-16 according to colour value, and data analysed. The test group (n=47) showed
a mean ± SE change of shade value of 1.75 ± 0.30 whilst the placebo
group (n=20) showed a change of 1.00 ± 0.33, and this shade lightening
effect is significant (P<0.05). The shade lightening seen in the placebo group
may be surprising but could be as a result of regular toothbrushing following
the formal oral hygiene education given as part of the trial. The whitening effect
of the test dentrifice1 gives a satisfactory amount of tooth whitening for clinical
use.
The data from this clinical trial indicates that
the test dentrifice1 exhibits tooth whitening ability over a six month period.
1Janina International UK. 2Vita Lumin, Vita
Zahnfabrik, Germany.
3. D Samarwickrama1, M C Grootveld2, A Sheerin2 and
E Lynch1.
(Conservative Dentistry1 and Inflammation Research Group2. LHMC, UK).
MULTICOMPONENT EVALUATIONS OF THE OXIDISING ACTIONS OF A TOOTH WHITENING DENTRIFICE.
Journal of Dental Research 73: 872, 403, 1995.
The nature, rate and extent of salivary reductant
consumption (e.g. that of pyruvate, urate, thiocyanate, etc.) by oxidants present
in tooth whitening preparations reflect their oxidising capacity, a parameter
of much relevance to their therapeutic and aesthetic actions. Therefore, high
resolution proton (1H) NMR analysis was used to investigate chemical modifications
arising from equilibration of human saliva with a newly-developed dentrifice3
containing carbamide peroxide [CP, 0.30% (W/W)] and peroxodisulphate [S2O82-,
0.50% (W/W)]. Unstimulated human saliva samples obtained from volunteers (n=10)
were centrifuged, the supernatant removed, and an aqueous supernatant prepared
from the dentrifice product added. The mixtures were incubated for six hours prior
to 1H NMR analysis. The results obtained demonstrated (1) complete consumption
of salivary pyruvate (from a mean value of 1.30 X 10-4 mol/dm-3 in the untreated
samples) by dentrifice-derived oxidants (e.g. H2O2), an oxidative decarboxylation
reaction liberating acetate and CO2, and (2) binding of dentrifice components
(e.g. triclosan and methylparaben) by salivary macromolecules.
In conclusion, high resolution 1H NMR analysis
of human saliva provides much useful information regarding the molecular mechanisms
associated with the therapeutic actions of active agents present in a commercially-available
tooth whitening formulation.
3Janina Opale Whitening Toothpaste.
British Dental Association
In July 1999, the EEC imposed a ban on cosmetic
oral hygiene products stating that they must not contain more than 0.1% hydrogen
peroxide, so dentists were banned from bleaching their patient's teeth. If they
are not oral hygiene products then they cannot contain any hydrogen peroxide.
In short this now means that Janina Opale and Diamond
Whitening Toothpaste and the Liquid Toothpaste Spray are the only patented whitening
product on the market to contain levels of hydrogen peroxide which are safely
within the government guidelines.
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